Change:  in Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment---------------------------------------------------------------------A. INTRODUCTIONDuring the same year Congress debated and approved the Citizenship Clause in 1866, Justice Noah Haynes Swayne in U.S. v. Rhodes declared that:“All persons born in the allegiance of the United States are natural-born citizens. Birth   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16503)

Change: There were only format changes (bold, italics, etc.) in this version. See this version for details. (Word count: 16547)

Change: There were only format changes (bold, italics, etc.) in this version. See this version for details. (Word count: 16520)

Change:  of citizens of the United States Senator Doolittle quoted during the debate--"all persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States"--and Justice Harlan asserted in Elk--persons acquire “the rights of national citizenship from and after the moment they become subject to the complete jurisdiction of the United States”? If   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16529)

Change:  The stark reality of excluding "the children of aliens" Chief Justice Fuller raised as the more reasonable ground behind the inclusion of the phrase--and its   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16529)

Change: “Mr. HOWARD. I concur entirely with the honorable Senator from Illinois [Trumbull] in holding that the word 'jurisdiction,' as here employed, ought to be construed so as   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16352)

Change: or the Case of the Postnati (1608): “Neither the climate nor the soil but obedience and allegiance that makes the subject born.” --Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765): “Natural-born subjects are such as are born   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16350)

Change: U.S. citizenship that the author, Senator Howard, certainly, must have phrased his draft to grammatically convey, if only to justify his contention, bold and sweeping as   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16347)

Change: : Unless otherwise indicated, citations from the Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st Session, during the debate to be quoted in this paper are based on the discussion of Senator Howard’s original draft without the words “or naturalized,” particularly pages 2890-2897, May 30, 1866.D. QUALIFYING PHRASEJustice Horace   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 16335)

Change: "naturalized"; and it is this allegiance owed that"naturalized"--which marks them off from an "alien" subject to a foreign power.Allegiance, in fact, becomesthebecomes the equalizer, for the obligation of allegiance that naturally attaches to the child at birth and creates the birthright of the "natural-born citizen" either by   View changes from previous version. (Word count: 18655)